Heat of Combustion Essay Example for Free

Heat of flame EssayMapua Institute of Technology School of chemic Engineering and alchemy Physical Chemistry I Experiment No. 6 Heat of conflagration Alain John Cantaa, Jefunnie Matahumb, Marife Comprac, Nino Adrian Rodelasa, a b Bachelor of intelligence in Chemical Engineering, Mapua Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Bachelor of Science in Biological Engineering and Chemistry, Mapua Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering c Bachelor of Science in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Mapua Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHeat of burning Calorimeter Aromaticity Relative energies Heat of formation Date submitted March 02, 2013 ABSTRACT The rut of burning at the stake, ? H, can be deliberate through a bomb calorimeter. It is the capability released as heat when a multiform undergoes complete burn with oxygen under standard conditions. The chemical reaction is typically a hydro carbon reacting with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water and heat. It may be expressed with the quantities energy/ wall of fuel (kJ/mol), energy/mass of fuel, energy/ quite a little of fuel.The heat of combustion is conventionally measured with a bomb calorimeter. It may also be calculated as the difference between the heat of formation of the products and reactants. The experiment aimed to determine the heat of combustion of some hydrocarbons namely, benzoic acid, naphthalene, and sucrose and to be familiarized with calibration of bomb calorimeter. Parr 6200 Bomb Calorimeter, a device that measures heat of combustions of different compounds, and the Parr 6510 water handling system of rules were used. The samples used were benzoic acid, naphthalene and sucrose.The results of the experiment showed that naphthalene has the highest heat of combustion followed by benzoic acid and sucrose, respectively. The analysis of the molecular structure of the samples found that increasin g aromaticity of compounds yield to a higher enthalpy of combustion. Discussion of the relative energies of the bonds broken in combustion had contributed to the overall concept of the experiment. In general, the heat of combustion of a certain compound can be measured in a typical bomb calorimeter and aromaticity is directly proportional to the heat of combustion of a particular compound. . Introduction Combustion is the chemical term for a process known more commonly as burning. It is one of the earliest chemical changes noted by humans, due at least in part to the dramatic effects it has on materials. 1The mechanism by which combustion takes place is well understood and is more correctly defined as a form of oxidisation. This oxidation occurs so rapidly that noticeable 1 Charles E. Smith heat and light are amazed. In general, the term oxidation refers to any chemical reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen.For example, when iron is exposed to air, it combines with oxy gen in the air. That form of oxidation is known as rust. Combustion differs from rust in that the oxidation occurs much more rapidly, giving off heat in the process. The first law of thermodynamics is the application of the conservation of energy commandment to heat and thermodynamic process where the change in internal energy is equal to the difference in heat added and work done by the system. When a chemical reaction occurs in an open container most of the energy gained or lost is in the form of heat. Calorimetry is the study of the measure of heat of both tangible and chemical reaction. In a constant-volume calorimeter, the heat measured, qv is simply the internal energy of the system for no expansion work is done at constant volume. A calorimeter is the device used for the process of calorimetry. 3 There are many kinds of calorimeters namely the bomb calorimeter, the calvet-type calorimeter, the isothermal calorimeter, the differential scanning calorimeter and the constant-p ressure calorimter. Calorimeters can measure heat changes and as well as heat constants such as heat of formation and heat of combustion.Heat of combustion or Hc is the energy released when one mole of a compound is reacted with oxygen, forming carbon dioxide and water as end products. Theoretically, the heat of combustion can be calculated using the heat of formation of the products and reactants or using the bond enthalpies bonds formed and broken. One of the most widely used calorimeters today, is the bomb calorimeter. 4 A bomb calorimeter is a type of constant volume device which makes the system isolated from the surroundings. It is an excellent device in bar heat of chemical processes including the heat of combustion.The bomb calorimeter is used to completely burn substances to produce water and CO2 in an excess of oxygen. The heat of combustion released is absorbed by the calorimeter vessel in which the bomb is immersed, and results in a temperature increase ? T. The tempera ture measuring device in the bomb calorimeter, measures the heat change in the water. The bomb calorimeter uses the following equation to measure heat changes. Q? ?t * e m 1 where Q is the energy involved, ? t is the change in temperature of the system, e is the energy equivalent of the calorimeter, and m is the mass of the sample.In this type, the heat measured for the sample burned at constant volume, qv is the change in internal energy of the substance from its initial to final states. 1The enthalpy change, (the heat of combustion for this process) is related to the internal energy, by the equation below. 2 3 Physical Chemistry 4th edition Atkins Physical Chemistry 8th edition 4 Principles of Chemical Engineering. 7th Edition Page 2 of 11 The enthalpy of combustion can be calculated from the temperature rise, which results when the combustion reaction occurs under adiabatic conditions in a calorimeter.It is important that the reaction in the calorimeter take place rapidly and co mpletely. The objectives of the experiment were to setup and use a bomb calorimeter as well as to obtain the value of the heat of combustion of some hydrocarbons namely, benzoic acid, naphthalene, and sucrose using the bomb calorimeter. and electric heater and has a precision electronic thermometer. Temperatures are measured with a high precision electronic thermometer using a specially designed thermistor sensor sealed in a stainless steel probe which is fixed in the calorimeter cover.Measurements are taken with 0. 0001o resolution over a 20oC to 40oC working range, with all readings shown in Celsius. It has a semi-automatic system for charging the bomb with oxygen. Oxygen from a commercial piston chamber is connected to a microprocessor controlled solenoid installed in the calorimeter. In filling the bomb, the filling hose connector slips onto the bomb inlet valve. The filling proceeds automatically at a controlled rate to a pre-set pressure. 5 2. Materials and Methods 2. 1 Equip ments used The equipments used were Parr 6200 Bomb Calorimeter and Parr 6510 Water Handling System.

E Commerce And Online Trading Information Technology Essay

E Commerce And Online Trading Information Technology EssayE-commerce has made a great impact on personal line of credit activity culture. Customer stooge shop online in privacy at their own houses. This is overly strength small businesses to close their doors, or transmute to being completely online. It can as well as change people approach to look at making purchases decision and spending money. Ecommerce also changed the retailer picture, promotions, work, and other things that make our market work. Undeniably, it will continue to pressure how can companies sell and market their products/services, as well as people choose to make purchases in coming years.Selling through the netsites is the best method of increasing trade worldwide.Two forms of e-commerceFirst form is mostly apply as a business trading where companies mostly meet each other and share information through the World Wide Web.The other form is that, where companies taken orders from the customers through web s ite and also prepared their order to satisfy their need.HASM have many different types of products and services that are traded or selling online including auditory sensation equipments new and used both.All companies who used e-tailing or e-trading definitely have their own websites for their business requirement/needs.Trading onlineTrading online facilitate businesses to attain larger audiences while also cutting the costs of traditional retailing methods of sales. It is not necessary that a web companionship have to spend on bigger high path markets for their presence.Although the expenditure on developing a good website is substantial and the potential benefits can be massive. whatsoever group of businesses who is running successful business as a result of the development of the web are ability suppliers of items.Ecommerce Impact On problemImpact of Ecommerce on the economy globallyMarketing and result promotionE-commerce helps the products promotion and services during di rect sale, information providing and customers connections.Sales channel/pathE-commerce creates a new flow channel for live products. It facilitates direct contact of customers and the bi-directional contact.Cost Reduction/savingsThe way of delivering information to end customers over the Internet results in major savings to senders when compared with any method. close to savings also realized in delivering digitized products against physical delivery.Cycle timeThe delivery of products and services can be reduced to minimum time frame. Also, the organisational work related to corporate delivery facility, also across international borders sale can be reduced considerably, cutting the cycle time by more than ninety percent.Customer service approachCustomer service can be greatly improved by enable clients to find countywide information online. Also, sharp agents can answer standard quarry in seconds and human experts contact can be expedite using automatic software.Business imageNe w customers can create corporate images very quickly. Corporate reflection means expectation, which is very important necessary for direct sales.Marketing ImpactsCustomizationEcommerce depict for customization of products/services, in response to buying in a store or ordering through television, which is normally limited to standard products only.AdvertisingDirect merchandise and customization is very effective than mass advertisement. This creates a essential changer in which advertisement is conducted to change the existing customer behaviour with product and also for the new customer demands and their behaviour towards products and services.Ordering SystemOrders recived from customers can considerably be improved if it is happen by online system and through internet. Through electronically, orders can quickly be sent to the appropriate department and speckle. This saves time and reduces expenses. This can give sales-work hurl more time to sell the product/services. Also, cus tomers can sum up the cost of their orders through saving time for all parties involved inthe activity.MarketsThe physical market disappears because the need to deliver the goods/services to the market. In market space, an electronic place where items are delivered directly to buyers/suppliers when purchase is completed online and making the markets cost effective and efficient.Technology behaviour and Organizational learning behaviourSpeedy progress in Ecommerce customers and staff, companies to settle quickly to the new technology and offer customers an opportunity to deal with new products/services such as HASM in new and used audio systems and tools.Changing Work NatureThe work nature and employment also be transformed in the computer Age.The computer Age work force should have to become flexible. Few of them consistently have secure jobs in the complex environment and all of work force/staff have to voluntary and able to frequently learn skills and make decisions, and stand b ehind in complex environment.New product featuresEcommerce allows new products to be formed and existing products to be modified in innovative ways. These changes may be satisfied organizations missions and the way in which they have to survive. Ecommerce can also allow come forth the suppliers to collect personalized customers data sheet and buying behaviour. Building customer profiles on the basis ofcollecting data on certain customers group and can be used as a information source for improving products/services or designing new ones.Manufacturing ImpactEcommerce is also changing manufacturing systems from mass production to the demand and supply chain process and also on the need of customers.Finance ImpactEcommerce needs a very special finance and accounting systems. Traditional earnings systems, which are ineffective and inefficient for electronic trade, because there is no physical availability/presence of staff.Ecommerce is any type of business activities that is selling a nd purchasing of products and services carried out over web based systems for the approach of getting far away customers.Advantages and DisadvantageHASM electronic commerce is also categorized by advantages and integral drawbacks of web. Some of these important advantages and disadvantages are as followsWith the use of fast and rapid scale of internet technology and strong online techniques and software, companies can get many advantages of Ecommerce but also some disadvantages as well but also having a reason of some problemsAdvantagesFast buying and selling method, as well as effortless to find any products type.Buying convenience and selling convenience, round the clock 24/7.Wider reach to customers, there is no geographic limitations for selling product.As compare to the stores low operational costs for product and better step of services can be provided.Physical company set-ups are not necessary. lenient start and manage a business.Business or individual to reach the global m arket is simple and easy.Electronic commerce gives the customers the chance to look for cheaper and quality products.Ecommerce cuts down the cost attached with marketing once is being launched and working and also on customer care, processing stage, and information storage and inventory management.DisadvantagesAny one, good or bad, can easily set up a business website and there are many bad sites which fool customers.There is no assurance of product quality.There are many internet hackers just waiting for any opportunity and then an ecommerce site, service, payment gateways can cause set on in any business.Mechanical failures can be reason of unpredictable effects on the total processes.Least chance of direct customer to company interactions, and also customer loyalty is always on a test.Perishable items such as foods are also not very convenient and nor predictable due to small life cycle.

Ethnic Identity and Socialization: Bend It Like Beckham’

Ethnic Identity and Socialization Bend It Like BeckhamIn April 1992, when a mostly washcloth jury acquitted four police officers acc used in the videotaped beating of a black motorist, thousands of people in Los Angeles, mainly young black and Latino males, joined in what has often been characterized as a race riot. In the summer of 2001, ethnic riots occurred on the streets of towns and cities in the north of England (Oldham, Leeds, Burnley, Bradford), involving young British Asian men and young White British men. More recently, in November 2005, riots emerged in Paris suburbs, sparked by the accidental deaths of two Muslim teenagers, and then spread to ccc French towns and cities. Most of the rioters were the French-born children of immigrants from Arab and Afri so-and-so countries, a large percentage being Muslim. These race and ethnic riots have all recently placed the issue of racial and ethnic identity at the forefront of political debate in the United States and in Europe. In this paper, we endeavour to discuss many issues especially on gender issues, relationship issues, family issues, nonion of apricot, women in sports and migration issues. The way the characters behaved and how the other characters behaved towards them portrays the theme and the issues involved.Gender issue is portrayed by dint of Indian beliefs as well as Western beliefs. The traditional notion that girls should not be involved in sports existed in both the Indian family as well as the England family. This preempt be seen in both Jesminders family as well as Catherines family where their bugger offs strongly discouraged them from croping soccer as soccer is meant only for the boys. Both mothers cannot tolerate the paper that their daughters are fermenting and enjoying soccer thus all kinds of comedies ensued because of the differing ideas mothers and daughters have. Through gender issues, the traditional notion of beauty is also depicted. Anything that is ugly has to be h idden maculation things that are not of social norms are frowned upon. For example, in the Indian family, Jesminders mother was shocked that her daughter would reveal her scars just to wear shorts to play soccer. Indian girls are supposed to cover up their bodies and must(prenominal) not dress up homogeneous the boys.Jesminders mother also does not want Jesminder to play soccer because it causes her to become dark and thus she is not beautiful. This perceptions cause Jesminder to put on a faade. In front of her family members, she dressed up like a obedient Indian daughter. Behind them, she strips to her jersey and shorts in order to pursue her passion. Hilarity is created through such perceptions and the things done by Jesminder to bend the rules and yet protrude to be a dutiful daughter in her parents eyes. As for the England family, Catherines mother wants her daughter to be ladylike. It is highly comical when mother and daughter went shopping and the mother insists that her daughter wears a push-up bra. This typical notion on how girls should doll up is highly comical as the mother is enforcing her daughter something that she is not. This shows that the tradition notion of beauty not only exist amongst the Indians but the England people as well.Issues on gays and lesbianism have also been touched on in this movie. Gays and lesbianism is not accepted in both societies. For example, Jesminders male best friend confesses to her that he likes David Beckham. The issue on him being gay is kept hushed amongst them as being Indians they are not supposed to go against social and traditional norms by becoming gay. Lesbianism is touched upon when Catherines mother assumed that Catherine and Jesminder are lesbian couples. Due to her overreactions, hilarity was created. This shows that Indians still lodge to their traditional culture whilst England people are not that advanced in their thinking both.The traditional issue on marriage still exists amongst the Indi an characters in this movie. Pinkys boyfriend broke up their engagement just because Jesminder, Pinkys sister, was seen hugging an England boy. This shows the unfairness that befalls on Pinky for something she has not done. To heighten the comic effect, the boy Jesminder was hugging is truly a girl. Catherine was mistaken to be a boy just because she has short hair. Once again, the traditional notion of beauty on how girls hair length should be creeps in. Jesminder also refuses to inform her family that her England coach is her boyfriend for fearing that her parents could not accept the idea. Thus this shows that they are still traditional. Apart from gender issues, family issues and relationship issues, migration issues also play a large role in this movie. Their house is a symbol to show how the Indian family has assimilated to the England troupe. The semi-detached house is a reflection of how the family has blended into England while at the same time preserving their cultural roots and background. The occasional lights displayed on the house show the difference of the family compared to the rest of the neighbourhood. However, this difference has also been accepted by the guild there as the lights gave out a beautiful effect.This film also examines women who must explain their choice to participate in a sport, which traditionally men only competed in. It was noted that how a woman who plays soccer and enjoyed it immensely and even dreamt of playing professionally, had to overcome the traditional ideas of her family in order to achieve what she wanted the most. It puzzles a myriad of complex issues and presents them in a way that is appealing and stimulating. In this film, women in sport is an issue, but one that has come far in the chronicle of women and sport-now, at least in soccer, women can and do play professionally and that is not an odd or remarkable thing. Women are now able to play sports however, there are still obstacles and stereotypes whic h the characters still come into contact with and deal with on a daily basis. Jules, one of the main characters, has to live with her mother who tries so hard to make her more feminine while Jess, the main character, must live with the traditional notions and experiences of her family.It can be said that Bend It Like Beckham real presented a more realistic example of the obstacles that women face, by looking specifically at one individual and her specific circumstances. It allows for a situation in which Jess must fight for what she believes in and try to move her own family forward. This film also brought in questions of not only femininity but also gender issues and gender relations, and what it means to be a woman playing sports today. There are still stereotypes and ideals about women that are not necessarily written in rock n roll any longer, and it appears that we can look forward to a future where those stereotypes may no longer be so deeply imbedded.The families learnt to assimilate into Englands culture through their childrens experience. Pinkys ability to find an Indian husband and moving on with her life creates satisfaction amongst her family members. This shows that they belong in the society. Jesminders achievements in her A Levels examinations and her ability to qualify in an England soccer team for girls also show that assimilation and acceptance has taken place. The comic effect that was produced in this movie reflects the things that occur in the society and shows how the society adapts to it. The Indian family managed to preserve their traditional and cultural roots despite being far away from India. Westerners are also not spared from traditional thinking.We conclude that concentrated forms of ethnic identity and socialization appear to be formed in social contexts in which the minority ethnic trait is mostly threatened either directly by the actions of the majority group or indirectly simply by being exposed to the interaction with the majority norm of behaviour in a mixed neighbourhood. Bend It Like Beckham is all about a young girls search for cultural identity in the 21st Century England.ReferencingStevenson, D. Women, rollick and Globalisation competing discourses of sexuality and nation Journal of caper and Social Issues, Vol 26, No. 2 May 2002Messner, M., Duncan, M., Cooky, C. Slience, Sports Bras and Wrestling Porn women in televised sports news and highlights shows Journal of Sport and Social Issues, Vol 27, No. 1 February 2003Wearing, B. (1996) Gender the pain and pleasure of difference, Longman, Melbourne Chapter 8 LeisureGrosz, E. (1994) Volatile Bodies Towards a Corporeal Feminism, Allen Unwin, SydneyKell, P. (2000) nigh(a) Sports Australian sport and the invention of the fair go, Pluto Press, Annandale Chapter 7 Golden Girls, Lesbians and Sexing Up Women and SportJarvie, G. Maguire, J. (1994) Sport and Leisure in Social Thought, Routledge, London Chapter 7 Feminist thought and the boundaries of sistershipYoung Murdock, I. (1990) Throwing Like a Girl and Other Essays in Philosophy and Social Theory, Indiana University Press, BloomongtonCompany analysis Value Proposition Of eBayCompany synopsis Value Proposition Of eBayThe secret that can be considered behind the success of E-bay is by increasing its customers ad their satisfaction. To spread the patronage orbicularly, an e-business strategy has to be use which can address the management and adopt new market culture. The new process performance will change the serve offered from local market to global market. Strategic planning process will bring all these changes in the way services are offered and improves the market globally. The strategic planning process involves several(prenominal) phases as shown in the figure 1.1.E bay is one of the leading websites in e business, when it comes to selling and buying of products online. At present the company operates its services through the worlds most popular website www.e bay.com for online selling, buying ad biding of products. In 1998, the revenue of e bay was $4.8 million in the US, in 2008 revenue ontogenyd to $ 5.5 one thousand thousand revenue worldwide and sold $60 million merchandise. The page rank of e bay was rated the first in 2008 with 85.4 million visitors. Today, from 2009 reports, the figures appear genuinely promise they have increased to $24 million despite unfavorable economic conditions gaining 71%.The core competence of E bay were the other online auction websites like Amazon, fixed price retailers, search engines and comparison shopping websites which were offering the services at fixed lower prices. These are attracting the consumers more and e-bay has started to revive their 3 family plan after the revenue fall in 2009 and trying to meet the consumers demand and achieve higher customer satisfaction.1.3 Market analysis and trendsMarket Analysis is a major task that has to be performed before launching a new service or produ ct. It is important to perform this to determine if they really overtop that new idea that company is going to implement. In the process of developing a new product or service the market needs should be truly well understood and how the competitors service the same product/ service should be analyzed too. By conducting such type of market analysis, company canBe fully prepared to enter a new marketCan launch a new product/ServiceThe main steps involved in performing market analysis areDefinition of the conundrumAnalysis of the current situationacquire data that is relevant to the problemstudy and understand the dataGet ideas and resolve the problemMarket analysis determines strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of a company and one of the most common methods to achieve this is fig out analysis. The major competitors for E bay are Amazon, online search engines, fixed price retailers. The results of SWOT analysis on E bay are given in table 1.3.1.SWOT ANALYSIS FOR E ba ySTRENGTHSexcellent servicerefined technologies usedLargest market share in till 2008Had very Good reputationGood customer satisfactionUser friendly softwareWEAKNESSNo proper marketing strategiesLacked global presenceMissed its summons in the list of all web directoriesLack of social sites usageOPPORTUNITIESIncrease market shareholderInternational demand for Ebay services will increaseIncrease in takings of business partnersTHREATSMore number of competitorsCost of software and hardware may increasePrice competition with present competitors panel 1.3.1 SWOT analysis for Ebay1.4 Evaluation of the business in terms of Porters business modelThe five forces business model by Michael E. Porter can be used by the company to analyze the competition in the market with respect to the profitability and attractiveness of the services in all the aspects. Figure 1.4.1 shows clearly about the five different competitive forces.Figure 1.4.1 Porters five forces business modelSource http//www.anyth ingresearch.com/Strategic-Planning/Porters-Five-Forces.htmThese five forces are very important in the implementation of new business plan by E bay as shown belowThreat of Substitute products or servicesNegatives Every company website creates a substitute to the services offered by ebay and this way they can be a threat to eBay.Positive Good market environment can be open with internet and will lead to healthy competition. All firms need an improvement to survive in todays market.Bargaining power of suppliersNegative Customers are given dicker power than suppliers as they have multiple choices. But with internet, suppliers also have more access to many customers.Bargaining power of buyersNegative The internet can reduce switching addresss for E bay.Positive Improves bargaining power over traditional channels.Rivalry among existing competitorsNegative The increase in the number of competitors will be created by internet both nationally and internationally. It may also create competi tion in price among different companies offering corresponding service for cheaper rates.Barriers to EntryPositive As E bay is an online business, there is no requirement of offices, sales staff rent for offices. All it requires is a hosting cost for website1.5 Information and communication technology (ICT) challengesAs E bay is going to spread globally, there is a possibility of some information and communication technology (ICT) challenges. Some of the major challenges are described in terms core business process and system including legacy systems, B2B system integration, and efficient use of ICT pedestal, warrantor and standardizeds.1.5.1 Core business process and systems including legacy systemsAs E bay is a online auction website, it deals with the customers private information, and the customers expect the company to keep their information very confidential. They have to use very effective CRM applications. The main challenge for CRM is that it should meet the concepts o f Confidentiality, Availability and Integrity triangle. As E bay business is spreading globally, it is very crucial to consider business process and systems such as customer relationship management, supply chain management, and also knowledge management.1.5.2 Efficient use of ICT infrastructureAs The E bay business runs on its auctions via internet it is important to implement proper ICT infrastructure with right technologies such as disaster recovery plan(DRP) to make sure that their business keeps running without any system hurdles such as system failure or any other native disasters. With the help of DRP the resumption of hardware, data, communications, applications and other it infrastructure can be planned and made safe. Apart from DRP E bay should also include Business doggedness plan (BCP) to make sure that their business will never discontinue .Unlike DRP, BCP includes plans for non IT related aspects. Nowadays BCP is well supported by Virtualization which also provides e ffective and slow manageable disaster recovery (DR) solution. The infrastructure of virtualization along with Disk-to-Disk (D2D) backup helps to build DR infrastructure with very easier and cheaper methods than ever.1.5.3 B2B system integrationBusiness to Business e-commerce (B2B EC) also cognize as electronic B2B (eB2B) or simply B2B refers to transactions between the businesses conducted electronically over the internet, extranets, intranets or private networks(Turban et al. 2008).The B2B system integration is classified into two types desegregation with the existing internal infrastructure and applicationsIntegration with business partners systems ( Turban et al. 2008)Through e bay, customers can make reservations in one or more restaurants at a time and make a single payment for all the reservations with the help of these two types of integration systems. This makes transactions between E bay and customers very safe and secure.1.5.4 StandardsAs e bay runs the business electron ically, a high level of standard should be used to spread the business globally. At present E bay is not using any ISO (International Standard for Organisation) standard. The best suited ISO standard for E bay is ISO/TS 15000-52005ISO/TS-Electronic Business Extensible Markup Language (ebXML).This standard is employed in businesses that work in open area or worldwide and transmit/exchange information between organizations, government agencies and other business related firms. This standard will form the basis for standard development work of business analysts in E bay.1.5.5 SecurityThe major risks involved in any business would me information exchange and electronic transactions between organizations. To overcome such type of risks, it is advised that E bay should install use Firewalls, security socket layer (SSL), virtual private networks (VPN), Digital signatures etc while making any transactions.

Political Disenchantment As The Greatest Threat Politics Essay

Political Disenchantment As The Greatest Threat Politics Es sound outSince the 1960s protests be possessed of become a normal adjourn of politics in democracies. Does this holy scourgeen the stability of a democracy. So dissent occurs in democracies when on that point is a ch on the wholeenge to the legitimacy of the state or favorable system, or to dominant beliefs and values.The reason for political disenchantment is that citizens be also offered very little in terms of understanding the issues at stake by organisations or campaigners who treat the citizens as political observers when parties lose membership. But there are many more(prenominal) reasons as to why Political disenchantment seems to be on the rise. As constantly with the media there has been a dumb down in the news coverage so citizens have become less in all probability to understand underlying issues in respect of politics. Politics can be seen to fail when what it delivers is judged on a framework. The med ia feeds a culture where fact opinion and speculation, join into one with a cynical view on politics. But the problem with this is that it disengages good deal and states that in the end selfishness will triumph. People therefore So when the media ring on events that have taken place in the political arena it connects with political disenchantment as politicians are always the subject of the news for something that they have done wrong. For example lying, yes politicians do lie sometimes but it generally rests upon to points that being firstly we all lie some of the time and secondly there are many halfway ho single-valued functions that politicians may have to occupy uncomfortably to meet our expectations. A further example would be that spate are very sensitive about the increasing rise in corruption and by means of corruption the reputations of politicians and political systems have been damaged.The real problem with politics even in democracies is that it is destined to dis appoint, as it is a tough process of squeezing collective decisions out of multiple and competing interests and opinions. Populists see themselves as true democrats who defend the neglected interests of the great deal Gerry Stokers (stoker 2006) criticism of populists is that it fails to see the complexities of politics as changing the world as to how you want it, is a matter of capturing the will of the people. It should deliver what the people want, if it does not accordingly it is down to corrupt politicians, the influence of do-gooders or big businesses.Additionally looking at globalisation and technological challenges to politicians in the 21st century, citizens have a sniff out of doubt that politics will be unable to deal with big issues effectively as people are more concerned with the planet and kind-hearted species. Stoker insists that most people believe that their government does not act according to their wishes, this being because many people living in democracies are confused from politics and feel that it does not work properly, so the types of people that the public would like to see with more power include intellectuals (writers and academics) and religious leaders.When it comes to politics most people are amateurs they have no intention about making it a career, as so Stoker further believes that people should be more reflective in their approach to politics and become more challenging included amateurs. Opportunities need to be more expanded for citizens to have a say about the issues they care about. People want a politics where they can say what is important to them, as having a say means wanting to influence. not decide. But people tend to judge political decisions according to their own interests and circumstances , as people tend to assume that most other people agree with them.it would be false to say that a democracy without dissenters is a failed democracy, as if you have no one to disagree with you everyone would remain happy, no argument, no debates and it could only improve the world in which we live today, as people would be changing and making better laws, decisions not just made to cooperate a single person but to benefit everyone. The statement is true as if this were to happen then it would not really be a democracy, as democracy is about trying to compromise and reach an agreement and so without dissenters you dont really have a democracy. Without dissent new laws cannot be set up as it really doesnt give any meaning. You are unable to limit the power of freedom of speech. Democracy is about equality so everyone has a proper to vote, so without dissenters, the lower minorities could not get their views across, no line on opinions but a line in which they are expressed.When examining if it is terrorism that is the greatest threat to occidental democracies, some people see violence as a part of politics, others see it as when politics breaks down. Macintyre (Macintyre 1971) believes there are ma ny reasons for people to use violence on political ends. On the other hand Honderich (Honderich 1986 20) sees political violence or terror as a considerable harmful use of force against person or things a use of force prohibited by law directed to a change in the policies system. act of terrorism is not a political ideology, but targets specific enemies as well as the innocent. E.g. Nazi Germany and the USSR rule under Stalin.Targets of terror could not defend themselves in law or by changing their behaviour. This can be seen in Italy under Mussolini as it was a restrictive regime not a terror one because the legal system remained intact this can be seen with the amount of prosecutions (5,619) and the amount that were found guilty (998) as well as only 47 people being killed between 1921-1943.Since the collapse of the Soviet Union it has brought about greater uncertainty and diversity, as to what new type of ideologies are being formed. So when George Bush declared war on terrori sm in the aftermath of 9/11 it fell in line with cold war imagery of the fight against communism, but terrorism or political terrorism is like no other isms. The crucial idea behind terrorism relates to the justification for the use of terror as a strategy, using violence to endanger and cause fear for those political ends. Terrorist groups and regimes are associated exclusively with either left-wing or rightfulness thinking.Looking at the IRA it could be argued that the Brighton bomb was a political violent act according to OKane (OKane 2007 27-48). But there were many attacks that were terrorist e.g. capital of Ireland unless you can accept the warnings that were first. These warnings were for their supporters in order to let them know that they were trying to minimize their casualties. Hoffman and Graham state that you cannot be a terrorist if you are oppressing a repressive regime (Hoffman Graham 2009 455).In conclusion disenchantment is the greatest threat to a democracy. Th erefore if disenchantment was to occur in many or all western democracies citizens would leave the government to itself without taking any concern until an issue arises that affects them, (in a bad way) there will be revolt until something is done where these revolters are listened to and citizens could take to the form of political violence which in duty tour could lead to terror. So disenchantment does matter as it affects democracy, because democracy is a way of demanding through politics that all citizens have a right in what affects them, and so it is a guide as to how we should take collective decisions in society. This in turn should deliver what the people want as it is a way for people to get their voices heard. People like the idea of a democracy as it is the approximate thing to self rule. But if terrorism was to take a massive boost in its members it would certainly be a great threat towards western democracies as terrorism targets both the guilty and the innocent, the refore not producing fear from intimidation but fear that comes from the unknown where there is no means of control.

sin city Essay -- essays research papers

Sin urban centerA beautiful woman stands on the balcony of a skyscraper looking out at the woods of massive buildings. A man exits the party and approaches her from behind. He lets her hear his footsteps. They have a small conversation, he offers her a cig atomic number 18tte, then shoots her. This is just the beginning.Sin City is comprised of four stories. The film begins and ends with the theme of a hit man (Josh Hartnett). But Hartnett plays only a small role in the film. The main three tales are outlandishly awesome. After Hartnetts piece, the movie goes into the story of a policeman (Bruce Willis) who saves a little girl from a child molester, only to have it malign the rest of his life. He is shot many times and left for dead. Willis story is cut off, leaving you hungry to know how it ends. Then the most savage portion I have ever seen in a movie is introduced. His name is simply Marv (Mickey Rourke). He is a massive, muscle-bound, huge-chinned mad man. A beautiful blond bombshell seduces him, and it is the greatest night of his life. He wakes up with her dead body next to him. Then Marv makes it his life mission to find, torture, maim, and kill everyone that had to do anything with it. After Marvs story concludes, you are introduced to Dwight (Clive Owen), another murderous mad man. Dwight is a murderer with a new face and is tryi...

Post-Depression Industrialization in Latin America Essay -- World Hist

Post-Depression Industrialization in Latin AmericaFor most of the first century after independence, completely republics in Latin America followed an sparing policy of export-led issue based on primary-product exports. The tremendous economic crisis of the 1930s that had a crushing and widespread restore on Latin America precipitated by the global economic depression, forced Latin American nations to re-evaluate this exogenous economic growth model and to transform their economic policies in the direction of long-neglected diversification of the economy, particularly toward an endogenic model oriented to industrialization. In order to understand the economic growth model shift from export-led to industrialization through the substitution of imports (or import-substituting industrialization) it is important to have some historical context in relation to Latin American dependence on the former export-led growth model and the degree to which the global economic crisis of the 1930s impacted Latin America. It is generally accepted that, beginning in the 1930s and continuing for approximately liter years, Latin America embraced increased industrialization, in the form of import-substituting industrialization (ISI), as the new growth model on which hopes for an economic recovery, long-term stability, and growth would rest. This endogenous model is the primary focus of the analysis to be undertaken in this paper. In order to appropriately complete the discourse in relation to this topic, some plan examination must be turned toward the vast social and political upheaval and the major transformations in the social and political structures that resulted from the crisis, ensuing from the over faith on an export orientation of th... ...86.Diaz Alejandro, Carlos. Latin America in the 1930s, In Latin America in the 1930s therole of the periphery in world crisis, ed. R. Thorp, pp. 17-49. London Macmillan Press, 1984. Dietz, James. A Brief Economic History. In Latin Am ericas Economic Development, ed. James Dietz, pp. 3-19. London Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1995. Furtado, Celso. Economic Development of Latin America A Survey from Colonial Times to the Cuban Revolution. London Cambridge University Press, 1970.Glade, William. The Latin American Economies A Study of their Institutional Evolution. New York American Book, 1969. Swift, Jeannine. Economic Development in Latin America. New York St. Martins Press, 1978. Weaver, Frederick. Latin America in the World Economy Mercantile Colonialism to Global Capitalism. Boulder Westview Press, 2000.

Middleware :: essays research papers

Middleware In the past several decades, a trend has emerged where mid to large size corporations have needed to integrate their existing mainframe systems with their newer PC based information systems. With this shift in focus toward PC based communications and productivity software that became available on the market, companies travel for ways to tie PCs and mainframes together. This created the need for middleware.Companies discovered that the hardware and programming, involved in maintaining mainframe systems, was too costly to re posture overnight. In addition to the expense, the applications in place for the nearly part served their purpose and appeared to be much more stable than the personal computers. They maintained quash files for customers as well as inventory levels, generated bills and invoices and, with the in force(p) programmer and vision, the mainframes could extract just about any information that managers needed. As PCs became more prevalent for a fraction of the cost and with the development of the Internet and a global network, PC applications with productivity software such as Microsoft Office and connection to the Internet have become imperative in almost any business setting. As these resources became available, users such as employees could now access information easily and instantly, share information simultaneously, and communicate both externally and internally done electronic mail. The questions then arose concerning what to do with the expensive mainframe systems and how to permit the PCs to interact. Middleware has become the solution to this problem.A middleware program is an interface between an application and a server. The most useful are those that allow access to the vast resources stored on the highly developed and expensive mainframe databases with a simple user friendly program, akin a web browser. Another example is what Kaiser Permanente implemented to ease the ordering and monitoring of prescriptions. Kaiser b ought a NetWeave middleware solution to tie its VAX pharmacy systems to a Tandem master subscriber database to allow subscribers to dial in prescription orders from their touch-tone phones. NetWeave gives us an illustration of how middleware works below. You can find more information on NetWeave at www.netweave.com. It is receive that with the rapid shift in business focus to pc-based information systems, which the demand for scalability and information on-the-fly, will create a huge demand for middleware.