The Unions And The Union - 1317 Words

Employers must respect the role of the union as the only and restricted agent of the employees. Respect between the employer and the union, on behalf of its employees, is the key to a successful relationship. The association between parties must adhere to the employer s exclusive right to manage its operations and to direct its workforces. Both parties must identify and acknowledge their respective rights and obligations under labor and service legislation and, under a cooperative agreement, the rights and duties of the employees covered by this agreement (HR in an Unionized Workplace). Most importantly, the employer must respect the fact that the employees have a right to join and participate in a union This includes the right to†¦show more content†¦Also, in order to foster healthy relationships, both parties should commit to resolving said differences and conflicts in a proactive, collaborative way that embraces the principles of fairness, respect, and dignity. As much as possible, disputes should be resolved between a worker and his or her supervisor at the first instance. An environment of respectful front-line resolution should be the first course of action with third party intervention only used as a last resort when resolution is at a standstill preventing voluntary resolution. The employer must provide fair and viable wages, benefits, and working conditions when compared to competitive workplaces. They must share adequate and up-to-date information with the union to allow the union to represent its members in a fair and thorough manner. The employer must openly listen to the union as the cooperative voice of employees, especially in materials dealing with policy or operational efficiency and effectiveness. They must involve the union in issues where employees may be negatively affected by operational or financial plans. Both parties should work toward establishing and fostering a two-way communication system. They should not only come together to resolve a dispute, but the goal should be to build collaborative strategies toward furthering their mutual goals, providing efficient and

Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy

Question: Discuss about the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy. Answer: Introduction This section of the research paper is classified into the three major parts. The first part of the section provides the information about the research topic and outline the main arguments presented by the researchers in the given research article. The second part analyzes the key aims and objectives Critique to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the research article. The final part provides a clear overview about the structure of the research study. Research Topic and Main Arguments: The research topic of the study is to evaluate the roles, applications and importance of positive accounting theory in the context of research program to create causal explanations of human behavior in the setting of accounting. In the study, the main arguments presented by the authors suggest that, today, it is more significant and essential for all the companies to effectively and appropriately use the applications and concepts of positive accounting theory (PAT) not only to enhance organizational performance productivity but also gain competitive advantages and compete in the dynamic business environment. It is also analyzed that, PAT is also considered by the companies as an innovative tools to bring innovation at the workplace. On the other hand, it is also accessed by the authors that, PAT has wider scope that provides a clear and strategic direction in understanding the human behavior in setting of accounting rules, principals, standard and policies. Moreover, this theory is also provides ways to companies about how to attain corporate goals by maximizing firms productivity and profitability (Mattessich, 2007). Key Aim/Objective: The main purpose of critique is to develop a clear understanding in the minds of readers about the positive approach to accounting theory. Moreover, the aim of the study is to analyze and evaluate the concepts of positive accounting research as a major part of wider intellectual project of scientific research which aim to recognize the cause-and-effect relationships. Structure of the study: This research paper or study is structured and classified in different key parts including, introduction, overview/summary of article, addressing of research questions, applications/theoretical framework of the study, significance limitation and conclusion of the study. On the basis of facts and information presented by the author in the research article, it can be summarized that, positive accounting has wider scope used in research programs in order to understand the human behavior in the setting of accounting. On the other hand, the study summarize that, today most of companies are using the applications and principals of positive accounting theory in their organizations to predict actual accounting practices. This helps them in achieving economic and financial objectives effectively (Mourik Walton, 2013). Moreover, it can also be summarized that, through the effective utilization of positive accounting, business firms are able to evaluate and understand the events within their bookkeeping transactions. Additionally, the study is also summarizes the significance of positive accounting in big sense of research programs. Moreover, it is also summarized that, by using positive theory, human behavior could be effectively understand the human behavio r in setting of bookkeeping. Along with this, it is also found that, positive accounting research is a branch of positive accounting that used in intellectual project of scientific research by the companies in order to develop understanding about the cause effect relations (Dunmore, 2009). At the same time, it can also be recapitulated that, in using of positive accounting research, a wide range of deficiencies could be faced by the company. But, it is also offer a lot of benefits to the user company. For case, when a company adopt wider intellectual project, it may face several problems with regards to projects ontological and epistemological assumptions. Along with this, in the study, the author had summarized the fact that, the actual purpose of the positive accounting can be different and unexpected, if it is not done well and established. It indicates the link and relationship among the positive accounting and positive accounting research (West, 2003). Hence, it is important to use positive accounting appropriately, and effectively in order to conduct the positive accounting research to get desired outcomes. Moreover, it can also be sum up that the positive accounting research must be adopted by the business firms as a paradigm in order to solve accounting, auditi ng, business and bookkeeping related issues at the pre-determined time period. For example, positive accounting research as paradigm would allow the accountants and financial managers of the company to overcome various issues (Antle, Liang, Gjesdal, 2007). There are several theoretical and practical/mathematical methods are also used by the researcher in the study in order to understand the value of positive accounting theory and research in the business. For instance, it is found that, both positive accounting research and theory are important tool for the todays companies. It is because these allow the companies and firms to access real and true suppositions about the real world events. Furthermore, it is also analyzed and summarized by the researcher in the study article that, accounting has different phenomenon that are resourced by the process of balanced self-interest between the people those coordinate through the express/ implied agreement in the various companies. The study is also indicates that, the accounting research is characterized with the different regions of positive research that could not be illustrate appreciably on the theoretical model (Rabin, 2003). Moreover, it is also accessed and found that, positive research is much more valuable, useful, and significant by comparing it to positive theory of accounting. It is because, positive accounting research allows a company to conduct different research programs to improve the profitability, productivity, and work performance in an effective and proper manner. Furthermore, a wide range of differences and similarities can be found among the positive research and positive accounting (Deegan, 2014). At the same time, it can also be concluded that, positive accounting research considers various assumption in understanding of human behavior in accounting setting. Furthermore, it can be sum up that, the terminologies of positive accounting research such as: epistemology and ontology had explained by the author in order to reach the valid conclusion or outcomes. Lastly, it can be concluded that, in order to effectively and properly conduct the study, various theoretical models are used. On th e other hand, various terminologies are discussed with regards to the positive accounting research and theory such as: requirement of good measurement data archives etc (Humphrey Lee, 2007). Research Question Based on the study and facts of the research article, the following are the research questions that had addressed in order to understand key issues, theory, strengths and weaknesses of the given research article. How PAT is called an area of accounting research? Also describe the advantages and deficiencies of positive accounting research? What are the key roles of PAT with regards to accounting research program? How to access and analyze real world event by adopting the applications and principles of positive accounting theory and research? (Wolk, Dodd, Rozycki, 2016). What is the process of conducting accounting research programs in the businesses? How to understand the connection among the positive accounting research wider intellectual project of scientific research? What is the roles and functions of positive accounting research as a paradigm How to access the similarities and differences between positive accounting research accounting research? Also describe their relative areas and scope in the business? Theoretical Framework It is analyzed that, this research study is characterized with the appropriate and effective theoretical framework associated with the accounting, auditing, and finance that could be used in the real business to improve overall productivity and attain long term financial objectives. On the other hand, the study is also provides theoretical information about the positive accounting theory, and research that can be easily understood by the reader to conduct further study. Moreover, the research uses various theoretical application and concepts with regards to accounting, bookkeeping, auditing, accounting theories etc (Chambers, Dean, G. 2013). Moreover, the study is also offer wider scope for the further research and suggests how the positive accounting theory is related with the positive research in accounting and how to access human behavior in setting of accounting. The study is not only useful and important for the readers, companies and students in understanding the theoretical concepts of accounting but also understanding the wider area of positive accounting research in business (Riahi-Belkaoui, 2004). Along with this, the theoretical concepts with regards to epistemology, ontology, positive accounting research, positive accounting theory, intellectual project of scientific research, accounting research programs, deficiencies benefits of positive accounting theory and research has been explained and defined by the research in order to fulfill the aims, objectives and purpose of the study (Hoque, 2006). Significance and Limitations In the study, both mathematical and theoretical methods are used by the researcher in order to develop a clear understanding about the positive accounting theory and research. The researcher had defined and explained each and every principal, concepts of positive accounting research and theory. In the same way, this study is provides depth information about the research topic. Along with this, the study is conducted effectively by the researcher by using various method of accounting (Burns Needles, 2014). The main limitation of the study is that, the researcher had used more complicated mathematical models to represent the study and attain the research goals. Hence, the methods used by the researcher are more complex and confusing to understand. Moreover, the researcher had not properly focused on attaining the key goals of the study; he/she had focused only on describing the research topic. Additionally, the study clearly indicates lack use of primary data collection method. For instance, in the study primary method is ignored by using secondary source of information. The study is also reflects that there is no research questions, objectives, and aims identified. Hence, there is no link among the research objectives and research topic (Abdel-Kader, 2001). Conclusion On the basis of above discussion, it can be concluded that, positive accounting research is a major area of positive accounting theory that has wider scope and used in intellectual project by the business firms in order to attain their financial and economic objectives. Positive accounting research program provides specific and innovative business opportunities to the companies to access their real and actual accounting transactions effectively. Finally, it can be concluded that, firms should focus on positive accounting research, programs and theories in order to attain their key objectives effectively. References Abdel-Kader, M.G. (2001). Review of Management Accounting Research. USA: Springer. Antle, R., Liang, P.J, Gjesdal, F. (2007). Essays in Accounting Theory in Honour of Joel S. Demski. USA: Springer Science Business Media. Burns, J. O., Needles, B.E. (2014). Accounting Education for the 21st Century: The Global Challenges. USA: Elsevier. Chambers, R. J., Dean, G. W. (2013). Chambers on Accounting: Logic, Law and Ethics. UK: Routledge. Deegan, C. (2014). Financial Accounting Theory. USA: McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Dunmore, P.V. (2009). Retrieved From: https://sydney.edu.au/business/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/59988/Paul_Dunmore_MEAFA_2010.pdf Hoque, Z. (2006). Methodological Issues in Accounting Research: Theories, Methods and Issues. USA: Spiramus Press Ltd, 2006 Humphrey, C., Lee, B. (2007). The Real Life Guide to Accounting Research: A Behind the Scenes View of Using Qualitative Research Methods. USA: Elsevier. Mattessich, R. (2007). Two Hundred Years of Accounting Research. UK: Routledge. Mourik, C. Walton, P. (2013). The Routledge Companion to Accounting, Reporting and Regulation. UK: Routledge. Rabin, J. (2003). Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy: A-J. USA: CRC Press. Riahi-Belkaoui, A. (2004). Accounting Theory. USA: Cengage Learning EMEA, 2004 West, B.P. (2003). Professionalism and Accounting Rules. UK: Routledge. Wolk, H.I., Dodd, J.L., Rozycki, J.I. (2016). Accounting Theory: Conceptual Issues in a Political and Economic Environment. USA: SAGE Publications.

Semiconductors The Silicon Chip Essays - , Term Papers

Semiconductors : The Silicon Chip Silicon is the raw material most often used in integrated circuit (IC) fabrication. It is the second most abundant substance on the earth. It is extracted from rocks and common beach sand and put through an exhaustive purification process. In this form, silicon is the purist industrial substance that man produces, with impurities comprising less than one part in a billion. That is the equivalent of one tennis ball in a string of golf balls stretching from the earth to the moon. Semiconductors are usually materials which have energy-band gaps smaller than 2eV. An important property of semiconductors is the ability to change their resistivity over several orders of magnitude by doping. Semiconductors have electrical resistivities between 10-5 and 107 ohms. Semiconductors can be crystalline or amorphous. Elemental semiconductors are simple- element semiconductor materials such as silicon or germanium. Silicon is the most common semiconductor material used today. It is used for diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, memories, infrared detection and lenses, light-emitting diodes (LED), photosensors, strain gages, solar cells, charge transfer devices, radiation detectors and a variety of other devices. Silicon belongs to the group IV in the periodic table. It is a grey brittle material with a diamond cubic structure. Silicon is conventionally doped with Phosphorus, Arsenic and Antimony and Boron, Aluminum, and Gallium acceptors. The energy gap of silicon is 1.1 eV. This value permits the operation of silicon semiconductors devices at higher temperatures than germanium. Now I will give you some brief history of the evolution of electronics which will help you understand more about semiconductors and the silicon chip. In the early 1900's before integrated circuits and silicon chips were invented, computers and radios were made with vacuum tubes. The vacuum tube was invented in 1906 by Dr.Lee DeForest. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, vacuum tubes were used to conduct, modulate and amplify electrical signals. They made possible a variety of new products including the radio and the computer. However vacuum tubes had some inherent problems. They were bulky, delicate and expensive, consumed a great deal of power, took time to warm up, got very hot, and eventually burned out. The first digital computer contained 18,000 vacuum tubes, weighed 50 tins, and required 140 kilowatts of power. By the 1930's, researchers at the Bell Telephone Laboratories were looking for a replacement for the vacuum tube. They began studying the electrical properties of semiconductors which are non-metallic substances, such as silicon, that are neither conductors of electricity, like metal, nor insulators like wood, but whose electrical properties lie between these extremes. By 1947 the transistor was invented. The Bell Labs research team sought a way of directly altering the electrical properties of semiconductor material. They learned they could change and control these properties by "doping" the semiconductor, or infusing it with selected elements, heated to a gaseous phase. When the semiconductor was also heated, atoms from the gases would seep into it and modify its pure, crystal structure by displacing some atoms. Because these dopant atoms had different amount of electrons than the semiconductor atoms, they formed conductive paths. If the dopant atoms had more electrons than the semiconductor atoms, the doped regions were called n-type to signify and excess of negative charge. Less electrons, or an excess of positive charge, created p-type regions. By allowing this dopant to take place in carefully delineated areas on the surface of the semiconductor, p-type regions could be created within n-type regions, and vice-versa. The transistor was much smaller than the vacuum tube, did not get very hot, and did not require a headed filament that would eventually burn out. Finally in 1958, integrated circuits were invented. By the mid 1950's, the first commercial transistors were being shipped. However research continued. The scientist began to think that if one transistor could be built within one solid piece of semiconductor material, why not multiple transistors or even an entire circuit. With in a few years this speculation became one solid piece of material. These integrated circuits(ICs) reduced the number of electrical interconnections required in a piece of electronic equipment, thus increasing reliability and speed. In contrast, the first digital electronic computer built with 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighed 50 tons, cost about 1 million, required 140 kilowatts of power, and occupied an entire room. Today, a complete computer, fabricated within a single piece of silicon the size of a child's fingernail, cost only about $10.00. Now I will tell you the method of how the integrated circuits and the silicon chip is formed. Before the IC is actually created a large scale drawing, about 400 times larger than the actual

Vygotsky Scaffolding What It Is and How to Use It

Vygotsky Scaffolding What It Is and How to Use It SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re an educator or have a student in school, you may have heard of the concept Vygotsky scaffolding. It may sound like a construction term, but Vygotsky scaffolding and the related concept of the zone of proximal development are teaching methods that can help students learn much more information much more quickly than they would with traditional instruction. However, Vygotsky scaffolding is only effective if you know how to properly implement it; otherwise it can actually hinder a student’s learning.Read this guide to learn what scaffolding and the zone of proximal development are, what the scaffolding psychology is, if studies have found these teaching methods to be effective, and how you can use these methods in the classroom to promote learning. What Is Instructional Scaffolding? Instructional scaffolding, also known as â€Å"Vygotsky scaffolding† or just â€Å"scaffolding,† is a teaching method that helps students learn more by working with a teacher or a more advanced student to achieve their learning goals. The theory behind instructional scaffolding is that, compared to learning independently, students learn more when collaborating with others who have a wider range of skills and knowledge than the student currently does.These instructors or peers are the â€Å"scaffolding† who help the student expand her learning boundaries and learn more than she would be able to on her own. Vygotsky scaffolding is part of the education concept â€Å"zone of proximal development† or ZPD.The ZPD is the set of skills or knowledge a student can’t do on her own but can do with the help or guidance of someone else. It’s the skill level just above where the student currently is. ZPD is often depicted as a series of concentric circles. The smallest circle is the set of skills a student can learn on her own, without any help. Next is the ZPD, or skills a student wouldn’t be able to do on her own, but can do with a teacher or peer helping her. Beyond that are skills the student can’t do yet, even with help. For example, say there is a kindergartner who is learning how to read and write. He knows all the letters of the alphabet, but he can’t yet read or write words. No matter how much guidance he was given, he could never read a novel on his own at this point, but with a teacher’s help, he can learn how to read and write short words like â€Å"at,† â€Å"boy† and â€Å"dog† because this skill is within is ZPD. It would have taken him much longer to learn this skill on his own, but it’s still simple enough that he can understand it if he has someone to explain it to him.The student’s ZPD is reading and writing short words, and the teacher who helps him learn them is the scaffolding. Proponents of ZPD and instructional scaffolding believe they are highly effective ways to maximize a student’s learning. Scaffolding can be used to help a person of any age learn something new, but in the classroom it is most often used with younger students (preschool and elementary school) since they are learning new skills and concepts they haven't been exposed to before most frequently. What’s the History Behind Vygotsky Scaffolding? Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) was a Soviet psychologist who coined the term â€Å"zone of proximal development† and conducted many studies that led to instructional scaffolding. This is why the concept is often referred to as â€Å"Vygotsky scaffolding.† Vygotsky focused his work on developmental psychology, and it was in the 1920s and early 1930s, towards the end of his career, that he developed the concept of ZPD. Vygotsky believed that educators should help students learn within their ZPD so that they can increase their skills and knowledge without becoming frustrated by things that are currently too difficult for them to accomplish. Vygotsky came up with the idea of ZPD after extensive studying of how young children learn and the effectiveness of different teaching methods. He found that individual knowledge-based tests are often an inaccurate way to measure a young student’s intelligence since children need to interact with others who are more intelligent than they currently are in order to learn. He cited many examples of cultures where young children are taught new skills and knowledge passed down by older generations. For example, when infants are learning how to walk, they often start by holding onto the clothes or hands of an adult or older child, who guides them. The infant will continue to do this until they have enough skills and strength to walk on their own. This way they’re able to learn to walk much faster than if they were expected to learn without being able to hold onto anything. Vygotsky instead believed that the proper way to test young students was to test their ability to solve problems both independently and with the help of an adult.Dr. Maria Montessori, who established the Montessori education philosophy, also published similar research several decades before Vygotsky.Vygotsky died in 1934, less than a decade after he introduced the idea of ZPD, and after his death research on his ideas greatly decreased. In the 1960s, Vygotsky’s work was revived by a new group of psychologists studying developmental psychology. Dr. Jerome Bruner coined the term â€Å"scaffolding† and connected it to Vygotsky’s work. Dr. Bruner and other psychologists began studying the use of ZPD in different educational contexts, and they found that encouraging students to tackle the most difficult tasks within their ZPD leads to the most learning. Today scaffolding continues to be studied and used in schools, and much recent research has focused on how to use scaffolding to make classes (including online classes) more effective. Does Vygotsky Scaffolding Work? Over the past several decades, numerous studies have been conducted to study the effectiveness of using ZPD and scaffolding as teaching methods. Overall, research has shown that these methods can often help students learn more than they would compared to traditional teaching methods, but they require the instructor to have a good grasp of the student’s ZPD so they can adapt the teaching method to them. An early study from 1975 found that four-year-olds whose mother’s interacted with them and gave them advice were able to build significantly more complicated block towers than those who worked alone. The children who were most successful were those whose mothers adapted their strategy based on how well their child was completing the task. They made different comments based on whether the child was doing well or was struggling. A 1990 study found similar results when children were asked to put dollhouse furniture into the correct room. Children whose mothers gave them guidance were significantly more successful than those who completed the task on their own. A study published in 2000 that focused on a teacher using ZPD and scaffolding to teach a Farsi speaker English found that these methods can be an effective way to teach someone a new language. As the student improved his English skills, his teacher went from teaching individual words and phrases, to asking yes/no questions, to asking questions that required more in-depth responses. This gradual increase in difficulty helped the student improve his English skills while reducing feelings of frustration from attempting language skills beyond his current level. A similar scaffolding psychology study published in 2014 found that, in a group of 30 Australian language students, those who had tutors that used scaffolding techniques made significantly more progress in their writing quality and strategy application. Two studies, one from 2003 and one from 2010, found that ZPD and scaffolding can be effective, but if the instructor doesn’t know how to implement them correctly, she is at risk of helping students too much which turns them into passive learners and hinders their growth. Tips for Using Vygotsky Scaffolding in the Classroom From the studies discussed above, we know that instructional scaffolding can be an effective teaching tool, but only if the instructor understands how to use it. Below are four tips for using scaffolding in the classroom. Know Each Student’s ZPD In order to use ZPD and scaffolding techniques successfully, it’s critical to know your students’ current level of knowledge. Without this information, you won’t be able to teach them in their ZPD or provide effective scaffolding support. Before you begin a lesson with ZPD or Vygotsky scaffolding, find their baseline knowledge by giving a short quiz or having an introductory discussion on the topic where you ask students questions to figure out what they already know. Also remember that each student will have a different ZPD for each topic you teach. If a class has widely varying ZPDs for a specific topic, it can be more effective to have them work in groups or individually while you walk around the classroom and provide guidance so that you can tailor your techniques to each student’s ZPD. Encourage Group Work Group work can be a very effective way of using scaffolding principles in the classroom because students can learn from each other while working together on a project. More advanced students can help others learn while improving their own skills by explaining their thought process.Try to create groups that contain students with different skill sets and learning levels to maximize the amount students learn from each other. Make sure each student in the group is actively participating. If you see one student doing most of the work, have her ask the other students for their opinions, and emphasize the importance of everyone contributing. Don’t Offer Too Much Help A potential drawback of Vygotsky scaffolding is the possibility of providing too much help. This causes the student to be a passive, instead of active, learner and actually reduces the amount the student learns. If you’re using scaffolding techniques, don’t jump in right away and start offering advice. Let each student work on their own first.When they begin to struggle, first start by asking them questions about what they’ve done and what they think they should do next. As much as possible, ask open-ended questions that encourage them to find a solution on their own, as opposed to just telling them the next step. For example, if a student is trying to build a block tower, it’s much more helpful to say things like â€Å"How do you think you can make this tower stronger?† or â€Å"Why do you think the tower fell down?† than â€Å"You need to make the base bigger.† If after you’ve had the student think through the problem, then you can begin offering concrete advice for what to do next, but be sure to continue to ask questions to help increase the student’s understanding. For example, after giving advice on how to improve the block tower, you can ask â€Å"Why do you think making the base bigger helps the tower stay up?† Have Students Think Aloud Having students discuss their thought process is one of the best ways to figure out where their current skills are (and thus determine their ZPD) and make sure they’re actively learning.As a student is working on a project, have her talk about why she’s making certain decisions, what she thinks she should do next, and what she’s unsure about.When you give advice, make sure you also explain your own thought process so students can understand why you’re making the decisions you did. Summary:Vygotsky Scaffolding and the Zone of Proximal Development Vygotsky scaffolding is a teaching method that uses instructors and more advanced peers to help students learn. The Vygotsky theory of cognitive development states that students will learn more when they receive guidance from someone with more skills in the subject they’re learning than they would if they were tackling the subject on their own. Vygotsky scaffolding is part of the education theory the zone of proximal development. The zone of proximal development states that each student, for each subject, has three levels of learning: things the student can accomplish on her own, things she can accomplish with help from someone else (the zone of proximal development) and things she can’t accomplish no matter how much help she has. The ZPD and Vygotsky scaffolding theory is that students learn the most when they’re in their ZPD. Soviet psychologist Lev Vygotsky developed the ZPD and the Vygotsky theory of cognitive development, while Jerome Bruner developed scaffolding psychology several decades later.Studies have shown that scaffolding can be a very effective teaching method, as long as the teacher understands the concepts behind it and doesn’t provide too much guidance. If using scaffolding and the zone of proximal development in the classroom, remember to know each student’s ZPD, encourage group work, don’t offer too much help, and have students explain their thought process out loud. What's Next? Are you a teacher writing recommendations for your students? Read all about how to write an outstanding recommendation letter for your students, along with what not to include. When do colleges start looking at a student's grades? Do colleges look at middle school grades? Read our guide to learn how middle school grades are important for college admissions. Writing a research paper for school but not sure what to write about?Our guide to research paper topics has over 100 topics in ten categories so you can be sure to find the perfect topic for you.

Research paper summary Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Summary - Research Paper Example The unstable alpha chains develop insoluble inclusions that occur within the bone marrow thus reducing the chances of development and survival of red blood cells. Therefore, the results of this research would assist to determine whether or not patients suffering from beta-Thalassemia could be assisted health wise by oxygenating their Red Blood Cells. Patients of one Thalassemic Unit from the selected hospital of the study were engaged in this research. The patients were persons attending regular transfusion units; all the patients involved in the study were persons attending Chelation therapies. However, those that were experiencing certain challenges associated with respiratory of cardiac problems were not involved in the study. The consent of all the patients involved in the study was sought before engaging them in the experiment. The data gathered was analyzed statistically. The Wilcoxon’s test was applied to analyze the collected data. This was specifically performed on paired data coupled with the application of Repeated Measures of Analysis of Covariance by using the SPSS 13.0 version. The analysis also involved the evaluation of Normality of Distribution for the continuous variables. Appropriate performance of linear regression was also involved in the data analysis process. The results findings of the study indicated that tissue oxygen saturation increased significantly after the Red Blood Cells transfusion as compared to the baseline, which was at 88% while against 90%. The consumption of oxygen among patients with beta Thalassemic conditions did not exhibit any significant change after the transfusion. The repeated measures of ANCOVA also indicated that increasing hemoglobin through transfusion of Red Blood Cells facilitates the increase of saturated tissue oxygen. These findings are related to the conclusion

Stem cell research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Stem cell research - Essay Example The usability of stem cell therapy is wide but for this the destruction of young life cannot be allowed on ethical grounds. Stem cell research could pave way to a medical world where solution can be sort out for many fatal diseases but the brutality involved in it cannot be disregarded. Human embryo in any way cannot be suggested to be employed for the research or for the treatment purpose. The consequences and medical ethical point of view to stem cell research is important to study as it is connected with the destruction of a budding life. Stem cells are living from of human and it contains DNA and destruction of one life should never be a ladder to the life of another. The information and facts for this study has been in qualitative form as it is obtained from internet sources, books and journals. A thorough study of literature has been conducted and analysis and assessments are drawn accordingly. The Stem cell research Stem cells are undifferentiated cells of dualistic nature fou nd in human embryos and animal’s .The stem cells while remaining undifferentiated has the capability to expand or can differentiate and contribute to the development or repair of tissues of the body. In the website (Deem,2009)writes that â€Å"According to many stem cell researchers, embryonic stem cells are the preferred stem cells for cell-based therapies. Although they tend be more versatile than adult stem cells, other sources (including umbilical cord stem cells) have proven to be just as versatile†. The remarkable potentiality of the stem cells to develop in to different cell type is the advantage many scientists want to make use in future. Recently scientist has used only two types of stems cells namely: embryonic stem cells and non – embryonic stem cells. The stem cells present in the embryos have the unique capability of regenerating when introduced in the body of diseased or injured person. Stem cells have the potentiality in treating people suffering from heart diseases and diabetes. Stem cells are different from other cells present in the body. Unlike blood cells, nerve cells or muscle cells which do not replicate stem cells have the ability to replicate. Presently the scientist is under the process of studying the signaling pattern inside and outside each stem cell with their differentiating process. The majority of research and laboratory activities regarding the advantages of stem cells on human health are still yet to begin. Stem cell research also throws light upon the specific properties of stem cells and their contribution to attain new drugs and treatment. Pros and Cons of stem cell research The pros and cons of stem cell research related to embryonic cells can be described as follows. Pros Most people and scientists think that with the help of stem cells from embryo many diseases suffered by the people can be minimized Many people think that stem cells can help scientist in studying and observing the diffentiating proc ess it undergoes through replicating. Some people assume that ,stem cells can help in reproducing major organs of people who are diseased hence prolonging their life expectancy There is argument in scientific world that the excess embryo generated for the in vitro fertilization should be destroyed or utilized for research purpose. The embryo has many vital stem cells than adult cells and cord cells and is

Sickle Cell Disease Essay Example for Free

Sickle Cell Disease Essay This research informs the reader about Sickle cell disease. The goal is to raise awareness by describing what the disease is and where it originated. It gives advice on how to recognize signs in a crisis and how to help prevent any further symptoms. This focus uses facts from medical websites such as Web MD and Mayo Clinic. This research highlights every thing there is to know about sickle cell disease through detailed descriptions of where it comes from, how it is passed on, what it does to the body, and what can be done to help prevent it from getting really bad. Sickle cell disease is a blood disorder that is a genetic disease, which is inherited through parents. The bone marrow produces abnormal red blood cells that are a crescent shape. These red blood cells then get suck in the veins and cause many medical difficulties. This review will not investigate any personal experiences or experiences of any person. The sources mainly conclude that there are various researches trying to reveal helpful information for suffering patients. Researchers from the FSCDR administration found out that regular blood transfusions can reduce the occurrence of strokes and attacks in sickle cell patients. Regular monthly blood transfusions can help raise red blood cell counts and therefore reduce sickling and blood clots causing health complications. Further research into preventative remedies includes bone marrow transplants. Written by Vanessa Wasta this research goes in depth about how bone marrow transplants for patients with sickle cell disease work. Explaining the procedure and requirements of it. Then in another article Saint Louis University Medical Center researchers study therapy to relieve sickle cell pain. This study investigates treatment for young adults who are suffering from a pain crisis. St. Jude Children’s Hospital did research on how drug reduces hospitalizations and what the cost is treating young children with sickle cell anemia. The article goes in depth on how a new drug is demonstrated to be effective for treatment of adults and children with sickle cell anemia reducing hospitalizations and cut annual estimated medical cost by 21 percent for affected in fants and  toddlers. Further more a research found by Victor R. Gordeuk, MD discussing the basic transitional research program in sickle cell disease. Explaining how there are two components of the research. First is to study the neurodevelopmental status in children younger than 4. The second is to expose high school students to a laboratory research to cultivate interest in scientific research related to sickle cell disease. Johns Hopkins Medicine then shows how low vitamin D levels raise anemia risk in children. The low levels of â€Å"sunshine† vitamin D appear to increase a child’s risk of anemia, according to new research. The study is believed to be the first one to extensively explore the link between the two conditions in children. Then Georgia health Sciences University discovers that nitric oxide impacts the source of the sickle cell pain crisis. They reveal that nitric oxide gas appears to directly impact the source of the classic pain crisis of sickle cell disease found from re search. The main findings that I have come across is describing where it comes from, how it is passed on, what it does to the body, and what can be done to help prevent it from getting really bad. The genes you inherit determine the different forms of sickle cell. However, the most common form of sickle cell is sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell disease is a disorder in which the body forms sickle-shaped red blood cells (sickle-shaped means the blood cells are shaped in the form of a crescent). Normal red blood cells are disc-shaped that are similar to doughnuts but without the hole in the middle. The normal cells move quite easily through the blood vessels and contain a protein called hemoglobin. The hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Unfortunately, sickle cell contains hemoglobin called sickle cell hemoglobin or hemoglobin S. Sickle cell tends to block the flow of blood through the blood vessels of the limbs and organs, which may cause severe damage in the organs. â€Å"Sickle cell anemia occurs because an abnormal form of hemoglobin (HbS) is produced. HbS molecules tend to clump together, making red blood cells sticky, stiff, and more fragile, and causing them to form into a curved, sickle shape†. Miller, R. (2012, September 01). Sickle Cell Anemia. Retrieved from http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/blood/sickle_cell_anemia.html. It gives a higher possibility that the carrier of sickle cell disease (SCD) can obtain infections. Sickle cell anemia is caused by mutation in the gene that tells your body to produce hemoglobin. The sickle cell gene is passed down from generation to generation in a pattern called auto-somal recessive inheritance. In other words, both the mother and the father must be carriers, or pass down the defective form of the gene in order for the child to be affected by SCD. However, if only one parent carries the sickle cell trait, the disease would not affect the child, but that child will become a carrier of the sickle cell trait. With one normal hemoglobin gene and one defective hemoglobin gene, people that carry the trait produce both normal and defective sickle cell hemoglobin. Although their blood only contains a certain amount of sickle cells and may not experience any symptoms, they have a very high possibility of passing that defective trait onto their offspring if the carrier has interaction with another carrier of the disease. Because an individual that has sickle cell is actually born with the disease, they experience symptoms after the first four months of the infant’s birth. â€Å"About 2,000 babies are born with sickle cell disease each year in the United States.† Sickle Cell Disease Symptoms, Causes, Treatments. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/pain-management-sickle-cell-disease. There are six main symptoms: anemia, episodes of pain, hand-foot syndrome, frequent infections, delayed growth, and vision problems. In the symptoms of anemia, sickle cells are fragile. They break apart easily and die leaving the carrier with a shortage of red blood cells. Red blood cells normally die out within 120 days; however, for people that have sickle cell, their red blood cells die out within 10 to 20 days. Because of this shortage, the body cannot obtain the oxygen it needs in order to feel energized. Episodes of pain are exactly how it sound, yet they are called crises. Pain occurs when each sickle-shaped red blood cell blocks the flow of blood through the blood vessels. Pain may occur in the chest, bones, joints, and abdomen. One of the first signs of sickle cell in an infant is the swelling of the hands and the feet. The swelling is caused by the sickle-shaped red blood cells blocking the blood flow to the hands and feet. Infections are a very common symptom that a sickle cell carrier has to undergo. Sickle cells can damage the spleen and because the spleen is the organ that fights off infections, the  body is more vulnerable to infections. Due to the shortage of red blood cells in the body, the body is not obtaining enough nutrients and oxygen that it needs to grow. As a result of that, the infant or child experiences a delayed growth. Another symptom includes vision problems. We see due to tiny blood vessels that are supplied to our eyes. In sickle cell, those blood vessels may be plugged up with sickle cells damaging the retina. Sickle cell symptoms are mainly determined by how severe the sickle cell may be. When the disease becomes very severe, some symptoms may include paleness, rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, yellowing of the eyes and skin, painful and prolonged erection, confusion, urinary tract infection, gallbladder infection, and more. Sickle cell is a diverse disease; it is an inherited blood disease that affects people mainly of African ancestry. This disease also affects other people of different ethnic groups such as people who are of Mediterranean, Asian and Middle Eastern descent. In the United States, between 90,000 and 100,000 people have sickle cell disease. One in every twelve African American carries the sickle trait and two million people carry the trait, meaning they carry a gene for the disease. The disease occurs amongst one out of every five hundred African Americans and one out of every thirty-six thousand Hispanics birth. Due to sickle cell anemia, this disease can lead to a variety of complications, including stroke, acute chest syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, organ damage, blindness, skin ulcers, and priapism. Acute chest syndrome is a life-threatening complication. It causes chest pains, fevers, and lack of breath. In many cases, this syndrome is caused by a lung infection, but in this specific situation with sickle cell, it is caused by sickle cells blocking the blood vessels in your lungs. Sickle cell anemia may also cause pulmonary hypertension, which means high blood pressure in the lungs. It causes shortness of breath and difficulty breathing, which can eventually be fatal. â€Å"Sickle cell anemia varies from person to person. Some people who have the disease have chronic (long-term) pain or fatigue (tiredness). However, with proper care and treatment, many people who have the disease can have improved quality of life and reasonable health much of the time.† What Is Sickle Cell Anemia? (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sca/. There is no cure for sickle cell anemia; however, specialists are working on a cure at this very moment. One thing that people should do prior to making appointments for checkups, if they are a parent of a child with sickle cell disease, or if they have sickle cell disease, note any symptoms that they have experienced, write down questions to ask, and bring someone for moral support whether they are a friend or a family member. â€Å"Different techniques work for different people, but it might be worth trying heating pads, hot baths, massages or physical therapy†. Sickle cell anemia. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sickle-cell-anemia/basics/coping-support/con-20019348. Sickle cell disease is an unheard of disease to many people and there’s no clear physical appearance to tell if someone is diagnosed with the disease unless they mention it, but it is a disease that may have fatal results and it is a disease that needs to be studied more in depth. These researches explain different things that are being worked on to help prevent sickle cell pain and other medical complications. With the different researches it is found that therapy, blood transfusions, and transplants can be helpful. In the informative research that is about to be conducted there would inform the readers about sickle cell disease, what it is, and what can be done to help prevent pain and any other health complications. 1. Miller, R. (2012, September 01). Sickle Cell Anemia. Retrieved from http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/blood/sickle_cell_anemia.html Sickle cell anemia article presents information about the disease for kids and teens to understand. It introduces topics such as where it comes from and how it is inherited. It lets the other peers know information on how it can be treated and pain crisis prevented. 2. Sickle cell anemia. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sickle-cell-anemia/basics/coping-support/con-20019348 This article describes what sickle cell is and breaks down in simpler terms what can be done to help patients with this disease. It shows pictures and demonstrations on how the red blood cells work in the body. 3. Sickle Cell Disease Symptoms, Causes, Treatments. (n.d.). Retrieved